Stanford CS Education Library: this article introduces the basic concepts of binary trees, and then works through a series of practice problems with solution code in. In computer science, a binary decision diagram (BDD) or branching program is a data structure that is used to represent a Boolean function. On a more abstract level.
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is copyright © 2014 by The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University. Contents 1 Preliminaries 1 1.1 Introduction..... 1 1.1.1 What is Machine Learning. What must a world be like, to host causal relations? When the cue ball knocks the nine ball into the corner pocket, in virtue of what is this a case of causation? Decision tree learning uses a decision tree as a predictive model which maps observations about an item to conclusions about the item's target value.
Knuth: Programs. I write lots of. CWEB programs, primarily for my own. If there is sufficient interest, I'll make a large subset.
Internet. For now, I'm listing only a few. The first two show (by quite different methods) that exactly 2,4.
The third was used to compute some of the tables in. Axioms and Hulls. The fourth was used in one of my otherwise unpublished lectures in the. Computer Musings series. The next few were. Academy of Recreational Mathematicians. Japan. And so on.
Note: Many of my programs, including the first two samples, use. The Stanford Graph. Base. SHAMEnumerates symmetrical Hamiltonian cycles (December 1.
OBDDEnumerates perfect matchings of bipartite graphs (May 1. REFLECT; also a. change file for REFLECTEnumerates equivalence classes of reflection networks, aka CC systems. January 1. 99. 1)HULL.
HULLTRPrograms used as examples in. Axioms and Hulls; also change files for. TCALCInteractively calculates with humungous numbers (December 1. DECAGON; also a. change file for DECAGON (stars). DECAGON (color). change file for DECAGON (color.
Packs golden triangles into decagons, stars, pentagons, etc. September 1. 99. 4)ANTISLIDE; also a. ANTISLIDEFinds solutions to Strijbos's antisliding block puzzle (November 1. ANTISLIDE3. Improved version of ANTISLIDE, finds all nonisomorphic solutions (December 1. SETSETEnumerates nonisomorphic unplayable hands in the game of SET® (February 2. SETSET- ALLImprovement of SETSET- -- fifty times faster- -- when a huge automorphism group is considered (March 2. SETSET- RANDOMSimple Monte Carlo routine to validate the previous two programs (March 2.
SLIDINGFinds solutions to sliding block puzzles (November 2. January 2. 00. 9)STRAIGHTENComputes irreducible matrix representations of permutations (August 2. DOMINATIONComputes the covering relation for an interesting partial ordering. August 2. 00. 3)FOG2. MFRudimentary conversion from Fontographer to METAFONT (August 1. LAGFIBCalculator of weights related to the random number generator below (July 1. GARSIA- WACHSSimple implementation of Algorithm 6.
G (January 1. 99. September 2. 00. 4)HALFTONEPreprocessor for typeset halftones; also example input files. June 1. 99. 8)DOT- DIFFPreprocessor for halftones by dot diffusion; also an example input file. EPS output. (June 1. TOGPAPGenerates examples of halftones for paper P1. June 1. 99. 8)DANCE.
QUEENSGenerates examples for paper P1. July 1. 99. 9); and another. SUDOKU (February 2.
Monte Carlo estimates (corrected 2. Jan 0. 7)GDANCE. MACMAHON- TRIANGLES- SYM- TILE.
GDANCE- CUTOFFExperimental extensions of the Dancing Links algorithm (November 2. HAMDANCEA dancing- link- based program for Hamiltonian circuits (May 2. March 2. 01. 0). which you might.
POLYSLAVE, and their change files. POLYNUM- RESTART and. POLYSLAVE- RESTART for long runs.
Enumerates polyominoes with Iwan Jensen's algorithm, thousands of times. Jensen about potential further. Meta. Post source. POLYNUM and a now- obsolete program. POLYENUMADVENTThe original Crowther/Woods Adventure game, Version 1. CWEB form (version of 0. October 2. 01. 4); this program was published as Chapter 2.
Fun and Games book, and errata can be. ROSTMonte Carlo confirmation of exercise 5.
October 1. 99. 8)RAN- PRIMMonte Carlo exploration of exercise 5. October 1. 99. 8)STRONGCHAINfinds shortest strong addition chains, also called Lucas chains or. Chebyshev chains (August 2. KODA- RUSKEYA fascinating generalized reflected Gray- code generator (new version, June 2. LI- RUSKEYAn even more fascinating, massive generalization of the previous.
June 2. 00. 1); also a Post. Script illustration. Meta. Post source file li- ruskey. SPIDERSA further improvement to the previous two (December 2. Post. Script illustration. TOPSWOPS and. TOPSWOPS- FWDTwo ways to find the longest plays of John Conway's "topswops" game. August 2. 00. 1)CO- DEBRUIJNA quick- and- dirty implementation of the.
Algorithms 7. 2. 1. R and 7. 2. 1. 1. D, which. generate a de Bruijn cycle; also a Mathematica program. POSETS0 and. POSETSTwo programs to evaluate the numbers in Sloane's sequence A0.
M1. 80. 5 (December 2. ERECTIONThe algorithms described in my paper ``Random Matroids'' (March 2. UNAVOIDABLEA longest word that avoids all n- letter subwords in an interesting minimal. Champernaud, Hansel, and Perrin (July 2. UNAVOIDABLE2. A longest word that avoids all n- letter subwords in an interesting minimal. Mykkeltveit (August 2. GRAYSPAN. GRAYSPSPAN.
Meta. Post source file for SPSPAN. SPGRAPHThree instructive ways to generate all spanning trees of a graph (August 2. SANDA hastily written program to experiment with sandpiles as in exercise 7. December 2. 00. 4)ZEILBERGER. Meta. Post source file for VIENNOTThree Catalan bijections related to Strahler numbers, pruning orders.
Kepler towers (February 2. LINKED- TREESAn amazingly short program to generate linked trees with given node degrees (March 2. VACILLATEA program to experiment with set partitions and vacillating tableau loops (May 2. EMBEDAn algorithm of Hagauer, Imrich, and Klavžar to embed a median.
June 2. 00. 5)LPAn expository implementation of linear programming (August 2. HORN- COUNTA program to enumerate Horn functions; also a change file. Krom functions (aka 2. SAT instances) (August 2. PUZZLE- KORF0 and.
PUZZLE- KORF1. Two programs to solve 1. August 2. 00. 5)ACHAIN0. ACHAIN- ALLA series of programs to find minimal addition chains (September 2. ACHAIN- DECODE. HYPERBOLIC. Meta. Post source file for HYPERBOLICA program that analyzes and helps to draw the hyperbolic plane tiling. October 2. 00. 5)BOOLCHAINSA suite of programs that find the complexity of almost all Boolean functions of five variables (December 2.
FCHAINS4. X and. and a change file for don't- cares. Programs for interactive minimization of multiple- output 4- input Boolean functions. February 2. 00. 6, revised October 2. TICTACTOE, a gzipped tar file tictactoe. Various programs used when preparing the tic- tac- toe examples in Section 7. March 2. 00. 6)PRIME- SIEVE and its much faster (but more complex) cousin. PRIME- SIEVE- SPARSE, plus a change file.
PRIME- SIEVE- BOOT to compute several million. Programs for the segmented sieve of Eratosthenes on 6.
May 2. 00. 6)MAXCLIQUESThe Moody- -Hollis algorithm for listing all maximal cliques, all maximal independent sets. July 2. 00. 6, corrected November 2. ULAM and a. change file for 6. Short program to compute the Ulam numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, ..
September 2. 00. 6)HWB- FASTShort program to compute the profile of the hidden weight function, given a. April 2. 00. 8)YPLAYSimple program to play with Schensted's Y function (April 2. BDD1. 2A program to find the best and worst variable orderings for a given BDD (May 2. BDD1. 4 and a. typical driver program to generate input for it. Bare- bones BDD package that I used for practice when preparing Section 7. TAOCP. (May 2. 00. September 2. 01. 1)BDD1.
Bare- bones ZDD package that I used for practice when preparing Section 7. TAOCP. (August 2. SIMPATH. SIMPATH- REDUCE. SIMPATH- EXAMPLE. Hamiltonian paths, and. Hamiltonian paths with one endpoint given.
Several programs to make ZDDs for simple paths of graphs (August 2. SIMPATH- DIRECTED- CYCLESAnd another for simple cycles in directed graphs (August 2. EULER- TRAILA simple algorithm that computes an Eulerian trail of a given. March 2. 01. 0)CELTIC- PATHSA fun program to typeset certain Celtic knots, using special fonts. CELTICB1. 3; you also need this. August 2. 01. 0)NNNCMBX.
MFThe font used for my paper ``N- ciphered texts'' (1. DRAGON- CALCAn interactive program to compute with and display generalized dragon curves (September 2. SQUAREGRAPHBrute- force enumeration of all small squaregraphs - -- . August 2. 01. 1)SQUAREGRAPH- RANDA short routine that generates more- or- less random pairs of chord.
TREEPROBSComputes probabilities in Bayesian binary tree networks (July 2. GRAPH- SIG- V0. A simple program that helps find automorphisms of a graph (July 2. SKEW- TERNARY- CALC. Meta. Post file. for its illustrations. Computes planar graphs that correspond to ternary trees in an. PDF file for its documentation.
RANDOM- TERNARYImplementation of Panholzer and Prodinger's beautiful algorithm. RANDOM- TERNARY- QUADS and. SKEW- TERNARY- CALC- RAW. SKEW- TERNARY- CALC)DIMACS- TO- SAT and. SAT- TO- DIMACSFilters to convert between DIMACS format for SAT problems and the symbolic semantically meaningful format used in the programs below.
SAT0. My implementation of Algorithm 7. A (very basic SAT solver)SAT0. WMy implementation of Algorithm 7. B (teeny tiny SAT solver)SAT8. My implementation of Algorithm 7. W (Walk. SAT)SAT9. My implementation of Algorithm 7.
S (survey propagation SAT solver)SAT1. My implementation of Algorithm 7. D (Davis- Putnam SAT solver)SAT1. My implementation of Algorithm 7.
L (lookahead 3. SAT solver)SAT1. KChange file to adapt SAT1. SAT1. 2 and the companion program. SAT1. 2- ERPMy implementation of a simple preprocessor for SATSAT1. My implementation of Algorithm 7. C (conflict- driven clause learning SAT solver)SAT- LIFEVarious programs to formulate Game of Life problems as SAT problems (July 2.
SATexamples. Programs for various examples of SAT in Section 7. TAOCP; also more than a hundred benchmarks (updated 0. July 2. 01. 5)BACK- 2. Q and a. change file for the. A backtrack program to analyze Don Woods's Twenty Questions (August 2.
BACK- MXN- WORDS- NEW and. BACK- MXN- WORDS- MXM.
Demonstration backtrack programs for word rectangles (August 2. BACK- PDIA backtrack program to find perfect digital invariants (e. September 2. 01. 5)COMMAFREE- EASTMAN and. COMMAFREE- EASTMAN- NEWEastman's encoding algorithm for commafree codes of odd block lengths (September 2. December 2. 01. 5)SAT- COMMAFREEClauses to construct binary commafree codes with one codeword per cycle class (September 2.
BACK- COMMAFREE4. Finds all commafree 4- letter codes of given size on small alphabets (September 2. BACK- SKELETON- SHORTESTFinds potential skeleton multiplication puzzles whose special digits. January 2. 01. 6)BACK- DISSECTFinds dissections of a square into a given shape (February 2.